The Real Olympic Medal Count

The Olympic medal count is unofficial, not something officially recognized by the International Olympic Committee. Still, the count is universally reported and widely known. (Even the IOC puts the count for each games on its web site, but says: "The International Olympic Committee (IOC) does not recognise global ranking per country; the medal tables are displayed for information only.") Officially, medals are awarded to individuals, though these individuls do represent national teams.

During the Cold War, Americans fretted they were losing ground to the Soviet Union, which won the medal race between 1972 and 1992, after which the USSR team broke up into teams representing Russia and the various former republics. (The USSR itself disbanded before 1992, but in the 1992 Barcelona games, there was a "Unified Team" of the ex-Soviet Union.)

Unofficial though it may be, the medal count is of great interest to Americans and other nations. This year, the U.S. won the count with 110 medals, though China scored by far the most golds. If the counting is to be done, there should be some division along with the arithmetic. Huge nations like China and the U.S. will naturally best smaller countries like Cuba or Australia. But if one divides the totals by population, a far different standing emerges. Here is a medal count that includes the 37 nations that won at least six medals, divided by population. (It's hard to read in blogspot, but the last column is the he number of medals won per million people in each nation listed.)

Rank Country GOLD SILVER BRONZE TOTAL POP. (millions) Medals per Million
1 Jamaica 6 3 2 11 3 3.667
2 New Zealand 3 1 5 9 4 2.250
3 Australia 14 15 17 46 21 2.190
4 Cuba 2 11 11 24 11 2.182
5 Armenia 0 0 6 6 3 2.000
6 Norway 3 5 2 10 5 2.000
7 Belarus 4 5 10 19 10 1.900
8 Georgia 3 0 3 6 4 1.500
9 Netherlands 7 5 4 16 11 1.455
10 Denmark 2 2 3 7 5 1.400
11 Slovakia 3 2 1 6 5 1.200
12 Hungary 3 5 2 10 10 1.000
13 Azerbaijan 1 2 4 7 8 0.875
14 Kazakhstan 2 4 7 13 15 0.867
15 Britain 19 13 15 47 61 0.770
16 Switzerland 2 0 4 6 8 0.750
17 South Korea 13 10 8 31 48 0.646
18 France 7 16 17 40 64 0.625
19 Czech Republic 3 3 0 6 10 0.600
20 Ukraine 7 5 15 27 46 0.587
21 Russia 23 21 28 72 142 0.507
22 Germany 16 10 15 41 82 0.500
23 Italy 8 10 10 28 60 0.467
24 Spain 5 10 3 18 46 0.391
25 Romania 4 1 3 8 21 0.381
26 Kenya 5 5 4 14 38 0.368
27 United States 36 38 36 110 305 0.361
28 Poland 3 6 1 10 38 0.263
29 North Korea 2 1 3 6 24 0.250
30 Uzbekistan 1 2 3 6 27 0.222
31 Japan 9 6 10 25 128 0.195
32 Argentina 2 0 4 6 40 0.150
33 Canada 3 9 6 18 128 0.141
34 Turkey 1 4 3 8 71 0.113
35 Ethiopia 4 1 2 7 79 0.089
36 Brazil 3 4 8 15 186 0.081
37 China 51 21 28 100 1326 0.075

Jamaica, with just three million people and 11 medals, not surprisingly wins this medal count thanks to the strength of Usain Bolt and its amazing sprinters. Small but sports mad New Zealand, Australia and Cuba come in second third and fourth.

Among the big nations, Russia does best with just over a half medal per million in population, followed by the U.S. China comes in last.

Of course there are many ways to sort the results, and none of them are fair. No matter how many people there may be in the U.S., it can still field just one basketball team and one team in each of the relays. China can only field one gymnastics team and one ping pong squad, though if China or the U.S. could field more athletes, it would win even more prizes. But it still seems to me that there has to be some accounting for population or other metrics. That's when the true sports powers emerge.

Olympics: the Great Saytiev

Michael Phelps has been hailed as the greatest Olympian on the strength of his eight gold medals. Phelps is great, no doubt about it, and I guess he is the greatest swimmer. But basing conclusions on medal counts is ridiculous. Swimmers by nature can get multiple medals. There are four races at some of the same distances using different strokes. The same guy can get three four medals by doing the same 100 or 200 meter freestyle: two individual races, the freestyle relay and medly relays. The result is multiple medal winners proliferate. Just this year, at least 30 swimmers won more than one medal. Five swimmers won at least four medals.
Compare that to track and field where just two men (Jesse Owens and Carl Lewis) have ever won four medals in the same games. And a wrestler or boxer can win just one. There are no relays, leta alone multiple relays, to boost the medal total. So counting medals by itself is a a ridiculous measure.

If one is searching for greatness, consider Buvaysa Saytiev. Today, Saytiev won his third gold medal in freestyle wrestling. Only the Soviet Union’s Alexander Medved, who won in 1964, 1968 and 1972, has done the same. Medved has the advantage because he won in three different weight classes. But Saytiev, unlike Medved, had to beat fields that include wrestlers from former Soviet republics, which now have their own terrific teams. In the finals, Saytiev beat Soslan Tigiev of Uzbekistan. One bronze-medalist is from Belarus. (The other is from Bulgaria.) There are great wrestlers from Georgia, Armenia and Kazahkstan. It's as if the USA basketball team was broken up and there were individual teams from California, New York and Ohio competing with the U.S. team. In general it's impossible to compare athletes in different sports. But in terms of outdistancing the field, Saytiev stands with Phelps.